Cooks (5) Enoch Cook - Mary Foster - Cook Support the newborn American Cause

Enoch Cook was born in Newton MA  in 1744, He died in May 1827 in Westford, Mass. He settled in Groton for a time, about 1770. 
Enoch Cook married Mary Foster (1743-1789) on 21 Feb 1765   * [Vital Records of Newton, Massachusetts] His wife Mary Foster was born in 1743, in Newton, Middlesex, MA. 

Genealogy of Fosters in Mass: Mary Foster & Enoch Cook's marriage 1765

(Captain) William Enoch Cook and Mary Foster
The family genealogy passed to Ruth Antilla has Enoch Cook as  >>“William”  Enoch Cook<<.  We can only speculate as to why, for in some of the records I found he is called “Enoch William Cook.” Most records have him as “Enoch Cook.” However, he had a son named “Enoch” – sometimes done to differentiate between father and son within the family.
Their children were: 
1   Lydia Cook 1765–1805
2    Samuel Cook 1767–1858
3   Mary Cook 1769–?
4    Enoch Cook 1771–1830
*5    John Cook 1774–1848
6   Lucy Cook 1777–?
7    Lucy Cook 1779–1840
 8   Sally Cook 1783–1865

American Revolutionary War Service in Massachusetts
Clearly Enoch Cook sided with the “rebel” or American cause in the colony of Massachusetts. He supported it with his ‘life, fortune and sacred honor’ as the following information suggests.
With the alarm on 19 Apr 1775 this company, raised in Groton and Pepperell, Mass, went immediately to Lexington.  
He was a soldier in the Revolutionary war and held the rank of Sergeant in the company of Capt. John Swatelle and the regiment of Col. James Prescott.
Enoch was also in Capt. Edmund Longley's Co., Col. Cogswell's regiment in 1778.  This regiment was on detached service to guard and fortify posts around Boston. 

Enoch Cook's burial information in Westford MA

After the Revolutionary War, the family history papers claim he was a leader in Shay’s Rebellion in western Massachusetts. But I found no records supporting this.

The Cook family owns a Revolutionary period British-flintlock gun?
The family papers of the Cooks (compiled in the late 1900s) mentions a gun from the Revolutionary war, and that it was still in the possession of one of the descendants of Enoch Cook. I searched to verify this but came up with nothing, until I found a newspaper article about a descendant.  A 1901 newspaper article titled “Five Generations of Cooks” says: 

"Abel Cook....was born in the town of Groton, Mass, May 24, 1807. …He is the _grandson of Enoch Cook, who served in the revolutionary war, was present at the surrender of Burgoyne's army and took from an English soldier a flint-lock gun, which is now in his grandson's possession." (where the gun is today, I have no idea)

 

Enoch Cook's Revolutionary War Loan to Massachusetts
The ending pledge of the Declaration of Independence from England famously says the signers committed their “lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor” to the cause. 
"Fortunes”  is there because, of course, when the colonies broke from England, they were separate from the mother country. Being "independent" by definition meant they lacked a direct supply of money to pay soldiers or for ammunition, etc.  

Now, there was no Washington DC, no central bank, no currency with anything behind it, no Federal Reserve, and there was no gold to back money. 

Wealthy men, such as Robert Morris Jr of New York was a signer of the Declaration and is considered a financier of the Revolutionary cause. Still, Congress and its colonies had in essence create a “GoFundMe” in each colony to support soldiers, ammo, etc. 

Massachusetts Continental Loan Office
In Oct 1776 to raise money the 2nd Continental Congress authorized a loan office (or Continental loan office) in each of the 13 colonies/states. These colonial offices would accept the loan from colonists (called “subscriptions”) in addition to handling financial matters for the national Treasury.  Each state had its own commissioner of loans, although the officials were technically agents of Congress.
Massachusetts Continental Loan Office issued loan certificates to both men and women. These loans from colonists were called “subscriptions” to a loan office. What was happening was they were contributing to the financing of the colonie's army, rather like War Bonds of WW2. 

Some had subscriptions for the army they served in. Enoch Cook was an officer but he also “subscribed” to the loan. All records of the subscriptions are recorded in loan office's records.
Below is the top of the ledger page Enoch Case's subscription is recorded on. In the yellow box are columns with name, date, number of certificates, certificate #s, and amount in dollars. In the top row I put the date in an orange box (all I can make out is) “1779.” In the pink box is the name of the subscriber; here it is Stephen Greenleaf. The purple box indicates how many certificates he 'subscribed" to: 1 certificate. The blue box next to it indicates Stephen's certificate number, which was 4956. On the right in the green box is the total amount of all certificates he subscribed (at 400 dollars each): he loaned the Commonwealth of Massachusetts 400 dollars (for 1 certificate).

Top of Ledger: Columns with Titles (Massachusetts)

Near the bottom of the ledger page is Enoch Cook's subscription. He too bought 1 certificate, the number was 5023 and loaning the Commonwealth 400 dollars.
 

Enoch Cook's purchase of a subscription on the same ledger page 1779

Discharged from Duty

New England, and Massachusetts in particular, had been so troublesome for such a long time, the British ceased their active military ventures in the colony early in the official war period. The Battle of Brooklyn, NY on Long Island was the first major engagement after the Declaration of Independence was signed July 1776. 

The British forces saved their men and might for the mid-Atlantic and southern colonies for the rest of the war. Enoch Cook was discharged from service in 1779. (Record below) 

Enoch Cook's enlistment and discharge paper (DAR online)

Death and Burial

His wife, Mary (Foster) Cook, died in Groton, Middlesex, MA. Enoch Cook died on 3 May 1827, at the age of 83, and was buried in Fairview Cemetery, Westford, Middlesex, MA


SOURCES:

Marriage record: Vital Records of Newton, Massachusetts, published by the New England Historic Genealogical Society, Boston, Mass, 1905 (Internet Archive)]

 5 Generations of Cooks: Text from "Five Generations of Cooks" published in the Boston Globe Newspaper, 28 Oct 1901, page 2. 

 

 Found in DAR records:

REVOLUTIONARY WAR MUSTER ROLLS, Microfilm Publication: M246; National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 93: War Department Collection of Revolutionary War Records, 1709-1939

AND

LEDGER RECORDS, Records of the Massachusetts Loan Office, 53.3.2; Microfilm Publications: M925, T783; National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 53: Records of the Bureau of Public Debt.

Website: Town of Westford Massachusetts, Military burials (town website) accessed Feb 2026 

Family Papers: Cook Family Genealogy (sent by Don F Cook to Ruth Antilla 1980)

New England -1 - Abel Beal, Rev War Vet - Cook-associated families

Abel Beal of Massachusetts, Rev War Soldier

Abel Beal and Deborah Lambert (Beal) was my husband’s mother’s 4th great grandfather (his 5th). Abel was born into an old Hingham family: the Beals.

Abel Beal’s vitals:
Birth:Oct. 20, 1733 in Hingham, Plymouth County, MA
Death:Apr. 20, 1805 in Cohasset (Hingham), Norfolk County, MA , Age 71 per gravestone
Burial: Green Gate Cemetery [North Cohasset Cemetery] Cohasset (formerly Hingham) Norfolk County, Massachusetts, USA

Abel was born October 20, 1733 to Andrew and Rachel Beal.

Abel Beal's birth record, Hingham Mass 1733

According to the above record, Abel Beal was the son of Andrew & Rachel Beal.
Vitals for Abel's parents, Andrew & Rachel:
Andrew Beal of Hingham MA
B 27 January 1685 Hingham, Plymouth, MA
D 10 Jan 1762 Hingham, Plymouth, MA
and
  Rachel Bates, daughter of Joshua Bates & Rachel Tower
Birth: Jul. 14, 1696 Hingham, Plymouth County, MA
Death: Nov. 20, 1780 Cohasset, Norfolk County, MA USA
Abel and Deborah (Lambert) Beal

Abel married 1st
Deborah Lambert (daughter of Henry?)
Deborah Lambert's vitals:
B 2 Nov 1740 in Cohasset, MA
D 15 Jun 1788 in Cohasset, Norfolk, MA, USA
 
Abel & Deborah's children:
1 Abel Beal 1755-1830
2 Deborah Beal 1757-1844
3 Susanna Beal 1759-1849
4 Celia Beal 1762-1849
5 Seth Beal 1765-1836
6 Stowers Beal 1767-1821
7 Micah Beal 1772-?
8 Ruth Beal 1775-?
9 Anna Beal 1778–1839 M. John Cook *
10 Susan Beal 1781-?
11 Abigail Beal 1784-1863

Deborah died in 1788, leaving many of the younger children without a mother (including almost 10 year old Anna Beal). Subsequently Abel remarried.
Abel married 2nd, in 1789, Susannah Humphrey.

Revolutionary War
The War for Independence went from 1775–1783; the fighting in the earliest period was in the Boston area. The Hingham/Cohasset area of Massachusetts was a hotbed of resistance during the Revolutionary War.
Because there was no "American" army, people served mostly as local militiamen: rather like volunteer fire fighters might in towns.
I try to discover if an ancestor was a Loyalist to King George (which would affect their lives and possibly livelihoods), or not. Sometimes people were neutral. Abel and his wife Deborah were neither neutral nor loyalists: he did service with the local militia for short periods.

Abel Beals' Military Service

Post-(Rev) War
Abel shows up in census records as late as 1800. He died in 1805.

ABEL'S DEATH AND BURIAL

Cemetery and gravestone of Abel Beal in Cohasset, MA

How does Abel Beal relate to my husband's mother's Cook family?
Anna Beal (Abel & Deborah Beal's) daughter married a John Cook.
.
A Roman numeral signifies a generation:

I -Anna Beal (4th great grandmother)
B. 1778 in Hingham, Plymouth, MA
D 1839 in Winchendon, Worcester, MA
Married John Cook (4th great grandfather)
B 16 Apr 1774 in Groton, Middlesex, MA
D 1848 in Winchendon, Worcester, MA

Anna Beal and John Cook were the parents of John Levi Cook *
II - John Cook (3rd great grandfather)
; B: 1805 in Winchendon, MA
D: 12 Mar 1888
Married Cynthia Metcalf (3rd great grandmother) (d of Jeremiah Metcalf)
B.1815 in Ashburnham, MA
D. 17 Jun 1844 in Ashburnham, MA

III John Cook and Cynthia Metcalf were the parents of John Levi Cook *
John Levi Cook (2nd great grandfather)
B. 8 Aug 1842 in Ashburnham, MA
D. 28 Nov 1910 West Bath, Maine

Married in New Bedford Mass in 1868 Christiana L Petts (2nd great grandmother)
B 1845 Stoddard, NH.
D 30 Sep 1871 Keene, NH
(M. 2nd in 1876 Abbie Everline Clifford)

John Levi Cook and Christiana Petts were the parents of Don Ferdinand Cook
IV - Don Ferdinand Cook (great grandfather)
B. 24 Jun 1871 Keene, NH.
16 Dec 1939 Keene, NH

Don F. Cook married Addie Christiane Warner (great grandmother)
B 21 Apr 1871 Winchendon, MA
; D 3 Mar 1966 Concord, NH

Don Ferdinand Cook and Addie C Warner were the parents of Marion Lottie Cook
V - Marion Lottie Cook (maternal grandmother)
; B 11 May 1905, Keene, N H;
D 20 Jul 1966, Peterborough, NH

Married Andrew Robert Antilla (maternal grandfather)
B 11 Jul 1903 in Sparta, Chippewa, MINN, USA
D 25 Aug 1949 in Jaffrey, Cheshire, NH

DO I HAVE THE RIGHT JOHN COOK?
The BIG QUESTION for me was, "which John Cook?.As it turned out it was easy to trace. The trickiest part of this was to be certain that I have the right "John Cook" and the right "John Levi Cook."

Fortunately an old book about the history of Ashburnham, MA helped (Winchendon, MA being close by). I transcribed the pages below the picture from the book.

From book on Ashburnham, MA (see text below)

 

From book on Ashburnham, MA (see text below)

The text from above on Ashburnham/Winchendon Mass says this:

John Cook md. Anna Beal and resided in Winchendon near the border of this town [Ashburnham, Massachusetts].

So many of his children became allied by marriage to Ashburnham families that a brief record is given. They had thirteen children.
1 Anna, b. July 21, 1798 ; md. John Lane
2 Tryphena, b. Sept. 9, 1799 ; md. 1819, Thomas Flint, son of Thomas and Abigail (Brown) Flint of Winchendon ; removed to State of New York.
3 Mary F., b. April 23, 1801 ; md. Samuel Baldwin.
4 John, b. March 20, 1803 ; d. an infant.
5 John, b. March 15, 1805 [See Below].
6 Deborah, b. July 30, 1806 ; md. Joel Merriam.
7 Martin, b. March 1, 1808; resided on the homestead in Winchendon.
8 Clara, b. Jan. 26, 1810; md. Nov. 27, 1833, Milo Derby
9 Edward, b. June 12, 1812; d. in St. Louis; his son, Lemuel W. Cook, is a photographer in Boston.
10 Ivers, b. May 21, 1814; resides in Westminster, Vt. ; md. Dorothy Miller. Four children.
11 Abigail, b. May 17, 1816 ; md. Abner Moore, son of William and Mary (Fitch) Moore of Sharon,
N. H. Three children.
12 Eliza, b. March 26, 1820 ; md. 1842, Reuben A. Buzzell and resided several years in this town.
They removed to Rindge 1862, where she d. June 4, 1883. Five children.
13  Joanna, b. Aug. 15, 1822 ; md. John N. Richardson ; resided in Fitzwilliam, N. H., and Winchendon. He is a merchant.

[John & Anna (Beal) Cook’s son, John Cook Jr:]
John Cook. Jr., md.
 -- (1st) April 3, 1832, Roxanna Lane, dau.of Benjamin Lane. She d. Feb. 24, 1834.
--He md.(2d) Nov. 12, 1834, Cynthia Metcalf, dau. of Jeremiah Metcalf. She d. June 19, 1844,
--and he md. (3d) Sarah (Adams) Clark, widow of George Clark.
He removed from town about 1860 and is now residing at Brighton, Ill.
The following names include one child by first, four by second, and three by the third marriage.

    John Cook Jr's child with Roxanna Lane:
~ Sarah Roxanna, b. Oct. 6, 1833 ; md. 1851, Jacob Hart of Keene ; she resides, a widow, at Bellows Falls, Vt.

    John Cook Jr's children with Cynthia Metcalf:

~  George William, b. Nov. 20, 1836; d. unmd. Oct. 9, 1855.
~  Leonard Newton, b. Oct. 10, 1838 ; d. in St. Louis 1866.
~  Martha J.. b. Jan. 3, 1840: md. Oct. 9, 1861, Prentiss A. Maynard of Keene, N. H. He d. June 23. 1869; md. (2d) Sept. 10, 1879, Andrew J. Williams; resides in Keene, N. H.
 ~  John Levi. b. Aug. 8, 1841 ; md. Christiana Petts, who d. Sept. 28, 1871; md. (2d) 1878, Abbie Clifford; resides in Florida.*

    John Cook Jr's children with widow Sarah (Adams) Clark

~ Cynthia, resides at Brighton, Ill.
~  Daniel, resides at Brighton, Ill.
~ Laura A., resides at Brighton,Ill.
 

New England - 8- Patriots: the Petts Family - (Cook-associated families)

PETTS

Petts –This name is of infrequent occurrence in the records of New England. The number of settlers bearing this name was very limited. The name in Townsend [Massachusetts] records is sometimes written as “Patt” or “Patts”, but later the name is uniformly written Petts  - Genealogical and Family History of the State of New Hampshire

 John Petts
John Petts, my husband's 7th Great Grandfather.  John Petts was one of the earliest settlers of Townsend, Massachusetts.
He was born in1681 and he died December 13, 1762 in Townsend, MA.
It is probable that his wife was the first female white resident of the town. It nearly certain that their son Jonathan Petts was the first white settler born there.
Their son: Jonathan Petts
My husband's 6th Great Grandfather- Jonathan Petts was the son of John and Mary Petts and likely the first white settler infant born in Townsend, MA.  
Jonathan was born on October 15, 1727 in Townsend, Massachusetts, where he was a farmer.
He died November 23, 1767 in Ashburnham, MA
He married Sarah Hosely  who was born in December 1732. Sarah was the daughter of James Hosely and Exercise (or Eunice) Jewett. Sarah died in 1788.

Their son:
Jonathan (son of Jonathan and Sarah) Petts
My husband's 5th Great Grandfather. Jonathan Petts (Jr) was born to Jonathan Petts and Sarah Hosley in Townsend, MA.
    ~Family~
Jonathan married in Townsend, MA in February 12, 1783 and moved to Stoddard, NH.
Jonathan’s wife was Rebecca Towne.
Rebecca Towne was born July 25, 1763 to Colonel Ezra Towne and Elizabeth Dorman of New Ipswich, NH.
Her father, Ezra Towne, was in the American Revolution as a captain for three years and later a colonel of a regiment.
   ~ Revolutionary War Soldier~
Jonathan (Jr) was a solider in the Revolution.
He served in the Lexington alarm on April 19, 1779 in Captain James Hosley’s company.
Jonathan was also in the siege of Boston in 1775 and at Bunker Hill in Captain Henry Farwell’s Company.
[In the history of the town of Townsend his name is erroneously printed Nathan Patt].
 

Their son: David Petts
My husband's 4th Great Grandfather. David Petts was born in Stoddard, NH on February 7, 1788 and lived in Stoddard, Weston, VT and Nelson, NH where he died in February 16, 1867.
  ~ Family~
He married Clarissa Parker who was born in Nelson, NH on July 14, 1793.
Clarissa was the daughter of Josiah and Eunice Pierce. Clarissa died in Nelson, NH on August 8, 1871.
Three of their children died in infancy.
The ten children were: David Towne, Lyman Parker, Eunice Pierce, Lousia Malvina, Frederic Augustus, Lawrensa, Clarissa Sabrina, George Shepard, Albert Livingston, and Lucy Orinda.
 

Their son: David Towne Petts
My husband's 3rd Great Grandfather. David Towne Petts was the oldest child of David Petts and Clarissa Parker.
He was born in Weston, Vermont on November 25, 1810 and died on December 3, 1856 at 46 years old.
   ~ Work~
He farmed to some extent in Nelson, VT, where for 10 or 12 or twelve years he was a cattle drover.
He moved to Stoddard NH where he conducted a hotel for 6 years and then moved to Marlow, NH and carried on  a hotel there for about 1 ½ year before his death.
   ~ Family~
David Towne Petts married in Stoddard, NH Phebe (or Phoebe) Stevens who was born in Stoddard, NH on May 3, 1812.
Their children were Ferdinand, Lyman and George, Rosanna or Rosina, and two daughters who were both my husband’s ancestors, Myranda (1843-1917) and Christiana (1845-1871).

Their two daughters, Myranda and Christiana and  their Spouses--
~Two of My husband's 2nd Great Grandmothers~
* Myranda (1843-1917) and Christiana (1845-1871) Petts married John S Warner and John Levi Cook, respectively.
* Myranda & John S Warner had a daughter, Addie Warner,
* Christiana & John Levi Cook had a son, Don F Cook.

Marriage of  Addie Warner & Don Ferdinand Cook
Myranda’s daughter, Addie Christiane Warner married her Aunt Christiana’s son, Don Ferdinand Cook.
Yes, they were first cousins  (see 52 Ancestors # Post 6 - John S Warner M. Miranda Petts: A Story of Sisters, Cousins--and Spouses)
*Addie Warner was my husband's great grandmother, and *Don Ferdinand Cook was my husband's great grandfather.  

Their daughter was Marion Lottie Cook
who was my husband's grandmother.
Marion Lottie Cook (1905-1966). Marion Cook married Andrew Antilla.                                Marion Lottie Cook and Andrew had Ruth I Antilla and her siblings.
 

Sources:
1 Genealogical and Family History of the State of New Hampshire
2 Town Records of Massachusetts

New York to Quebec - Paternal 1 - Elisha Pratt and Ann Porter, of CT and New York

 Witness To History

 Elisha Pratt was born 10 Aug 1707 in Colchester, New London, CT and he died 19 Sep 1791 in Spencertown, (at the time it was part of  Albany County, but is now Columbia County), NY.
Elisha Pratt, was the son of Joseph Pratt (Sr) [B 1671, Hartford, CT D 1740 in Colchester, CT] and Sarah Collier (Collyer), his grandparents on his mother’s side were Joseph Collier and Elizabeth Sanford of Hartford CT.

 

Elisha Pratt's headstone

MARRIAGE 

He married Anne Porter, daughter of John Porter on 27 Feb 1735/36 in Colchester, New London, CT.

Anne Porter was born in 1716 and died in 1793.

Anne (Porter) Pratt headstone

 

 

MOVEMENT OUT OF HARTFORD

Three of his brothers Daniel, Azariah and Joseph Pratt Jr to Kent, CT. 

 

Whereas Elisha, David, Joshua, and Joel moved to, or are connected to the Spencertown, NY area. Elisha settled in Spencertown and as a deacon in the church there in Spencertown.  

Elisha and Anne Pratt are both buried in Spencertown graveyard behind the church.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Current church was originally a Congregational Church

Pratt headstones are found directly behind this church

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR

Elisha Pratt Served in the French and Indian War in the Connecticut Regiment under Phineas Lyman. He was a major (1762).

THE DIVIDING LINE

The Revolutionary War was a great divider. Naturally, there were colonists who had no strong opinion either way on the matter, but there were evidently plenty of colonists who felt one way or the other. Elisha and Ann Pratt’s daughter Ann had married to John Savage. Savage was an outspoken supporter of England, called a “Loyalist. (See this post
 Ann Pratt & John Savage)
Elisha and the other Pratts though were not Loyalists. In fact, Elisha is the first ancestor I have found evidence that he served on one of the Committees of Correspondence.
 
What was a Committee of Correspondence? Correspondence of course is letters. The “Committee of Correspondence” was first formed in Massachusetts in 1772 to make a system of communication with assemblies throughout the other colonies. Its aim was to both educate townspeople on their political rights, and to build support for the cause of independence against British rule. 1 2
The Albany Committee of Correspondence was set up right after the first shot was fired in Massachusetts. A David Pratt (who I take to be Elisha’s brother) was very active in it. The Albany Committee was divided up into geographical sections most of which are roughly comparable to the way the area is currently divided now: Albany, Schenectady, Rensselaer, and Columbia County. (Albany was at the advantage, as the Dutch had established it as a trading post and when the English took it over, they retained the port advantage on the Hudson River.) Albany’s port was the northernmost point where large ships could travel up the Hudson River from New York City, so it was a major city.

There was no America yet, and the area that Spencertown is in was still disputed territory between Western Mass or New York. At the time, that question or quarrel was still going on between the two colonies and not yet settled.

However, Spencertown used Albany as its closest major port, so it was attached to the Albany NY Committee of Correspondence. At the time we were under the King of England the area Spencertown was in was called, the “King’s District” (which is logical, but many places had kept Dutch names, or adopted Indian names). [Later, Spencertown became part of NYS and the county it was in was dubbed “Columbia County.”]

You may wonder how Elisha participated in the Revolutionary war. He was a member and served on the Albany (NY) Committee of Correspondence for the “Kings District.” 3 as Spencertown was called at the time.

I cannot imagine how difficult it must have been to have his daughter Ann married to a died-in-the-wool Loyalist as John Savage was. She was wed sometime before 1770.

I think the couple, Ann and John Savage, had a rough time as they remained loyal to the King of England.

While Elisha and his wife Anne, as well as their other children all were supporters of the "rebel" (American) side.

 Eventually, his daughter and husband John Savage moved (twice) to Canada after the war, and were pioneers in the settlement of the town of Bromont in Quebec.

While the family was divided for a long time, evidence suggests that the family remained connected. The daughter who married John Savage and moved to Canada also had a nephew (a Pratt) live with them for a time in Canada. 

Cupola of the church which stands in front of the cemetery in S'town

 

¹ American Battlefield Trust  Committees of Correspondence | American Battlefield Trust (battlefields.org)

² Massachusetts Historical Society Coming of the American Revolution: The Committees of Correspondence (masshist.org)

³ Internet Archive Minutes of the Albany Committee of Correspondence 1775-1778 Vol 1 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

⁴ Genealogical and Personal History of Northern Pennsylvania, Volume 3,  page 1342 John Woolf Jordan

⁵ For more on Spencertown and the Pratts, see: The Peculiar Story of Spencertown; published by The Society for the Preservation of Hudson Valley Vernacular Architecture, Vol. 18, No. 4-6 April-June 2015   http://hmvarch.org/news/2015-04-05-06-news.pdf

6 Photos of Spencertown, Columbia County, USA; prop ACharity Johnson 2019